东海春季赤潮前后沉积物-海水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

应用实验室培养法现场研究了3～5月东海硅藻赤潮发生前后10个站位的营养盐在沉积物-海水界面的交换,并应用连续函数拟合法计算了营养盐的界面交换速率.结果显示,NO^-₃-N在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［-1.33～－0.68 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后却基本由沉积物向海水中释放［－0.69～0.82 mmol/(m²·d)］.NH⁺₄-N在赤潮前后大都从沉积物中释放［－0.65～1.46 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后释放速率小于赤潮前.NO^-₂-N赤潮前后除Zc17站外都向沉积物中汇聚［－0.09～0.05 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后汇聚速率稍高.SiO^2-₃-Si在所有站位都由沉积物向海水释放［0.85～9.23 mmol/(m²·d)］,其赤潮后速率高于赤潮前.PO^3-₄-P在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［－0.06～－0.01 mmol/(m²·d)］,在赤潮后却由沉积物向海水中释放［0～1.26 mmol/(m²·d)］.NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P向东海近海沉积物的汇聚在春季不利于硅藻赤潮的暴发,但其在硅藻赤潮暴发后从沉积物的大量释放为后面紧接的大面积甲藻赤潮的暴发提供了重要的营养物质补充.     

气-水界面对病毒静态吸附实验结果的影响

气-水界面存在可能导致不能正确评价土壤对病毒的静态吸附能力.本研究通过室内一次平衡法实验,比较分析气-水界面对噬菌体MS2在不同处理（非灭菌/灭菌）的不同土壤中的吸附实验结果影响,同时评价不同程度气-水界面对没有土壤存在时的病毒回收率影响.结果表明,气-水界面存在对吸附实验结果的影响在砂质潮土上最为明显,其次为红壤土,而在红粘土上的影响几乎可忽略,这可能与土壤本身吸附/致死病毒的能力不同有关;土壤灭菌后进一步加剧气-水界面对砂质潮土吸附实验结果的偏差,而在红壤土上则有减弱趋势.气-水界面存在显著降低空白实验病毒回收率,其降低趋势随气-水界面的增加而加剧,当加入土壤后,土壤颗粒有可能阻止病毒接近气-水界面或改变病毒吸附在固-液-气界面的力量,因而气-水界面存在时的空白实验结果并非为真正的空白实验结果,这可能是导致气-水界面引起静态吸附实验结果偏差的主要原因.     

地下水曝气修复过程的三维数值模拟

地下水曝气法是去除挥发性有机污染物的重要原位修复方法之一,目前已得到广泛应用,但其现场设计主要依据经验,缺乏系统的设计标准.为深入了解曝气去除污染物过程,并为现场设计提供重要参考依据,针对地下水曝气过程开展了数值模拟研究.水气两相渗流数值模型以水压力和气压力作为基本未知量,利用达西定律和质量守恒原理可以建立水气两相渗流过程的控制方程.利用Van Genuchten(VG)模型及Mualem公式,建立渗透系数-饱和度-基质吸力(K-S-P)三者之间的关系.污染物的去除过程则是在水气两相渗流的基础上,引入污染物的溶质运移、相间交换及生物降解模型.采用开发的有限元数值模型,对地下水曝气过程及污染物去除过程进行三维数值模拟,并将三维数值模拟的结果与二维数值模拟的结果进行对比.结果表明,三维模型的曝气影响区域偏小,在曝气口附近,水有效饱和度最小;在曝气口上方,水饱和度先增大后减小.考虑气体所受的浮力作用或不考虑气体可压缩性均会使计算得到的曝气影响区域偏小.污染物去除边界与曝气影响区域的边界基本一致,在曝气区域内,溶质交换过程大大促进了污染物的去除速率;在曝气区域外,污染物的去除主要通过生物降解作用,去除较慢.结果表明实际工程地下水曝气修复系统设计时,应使得曝气影响区域覆盖污染区域以得到较好的修复效果.研究结果表明,两相渗流模型结合污染物迁移转化模型的三维有限元数值模拟可以较好地模拟地下水曝气法去除污染物的全过程,对地下水曝气的设计、应用与效果评价具有重要指导意义.     

Regulating non-precious transition metal nitrides bifunctional electrocatalysts through surface/interface nanoengineering for air-cathodes of Zn-air batteries

Zn-air batteries (ZABs), especially the secondary batteries, have engrossed a great interest because of its high specific energy, economical and high safety. However, due to the insufficient activity and stability of bifunctional electrocatalysts for air-cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) processes, the practical application of rechargeable ZABs is seriously hindered. In the effort of developing high active, stable and cost-effective electrocatalysts, transition metal nitrides (TMNs) have been regarded as the candidates due to their high conductivity, strong corrosion-resistance, and bifunctional catalytic performance. In this paper, the research progress in TMNs-based material as ORR and OER electrocatalysts for ZABs is discussed with respect to their synthesis, chemical/physical characterization, and performance validation/optimization. The surface/interface nanoengineering strategies such as defect engineering, support binding, heteroatom introduction, crystal plane orientation, interface construction and small size effect, the physical and chemical properties of TMNs-based electrocatalysts are emphasized with respect to their structures/morphologies, composition, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, chemical stability and corrosion resistance. The challenges of TMNs-based materials as bifunctional air-cathode electrocatalysts in practical application are evaluated, and numerous research guidelines to solve these problems are put forward for facilitating further research and development.     

太湖水-气界面温室气体N2O日通量变化特征

阐述了最重要的温室效应气体N2O的来源,湖泊中N2O产生机理,监测了太湖水-气界面四季N2O日通量,并分析了N2O日通量变化特征,发现太湖大部分时间是N2O的源,少部分时间是N2O的汇.春、夏、秋、冬四季的平均N2O日通量分别是0.018 mg/(m2·h)、0.065 mg/(m2·h)、0.003 mg/(m2·h)和-0.002 mg/(m2·h).夏季较高,而春、秋、冬季较低.     

九龙江口湿地表层沉积物微观形貌特征与成因分析

基于沉积物N2吸附脱附曲线,通过不同植被沉积物采样、扰动模拟和化学清洗实验,分析河口滨海湿地表层沉积物的微观形貌特征与形成原因.研究表明,光滩(A)的沉积物比表面积最低(17.07m2/g),表面分形维数也是最低(2.5177);互花米草(E)沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数次之,分别为20.82m2/g、2.5354;而湿地中间的红树(D)、互花米草(B)及其二者混交(C)的3种沉积物的比表面积和表面分形维数较高.其原因可能是光滩(A)和互花米草(E)由于靠近河边,受到河流与潮水影响较大,较其他长有植被且离河流较远的沉积物,更易受到扰动与污染,空间填充能力弱化所致.相关关系分析表明,沉积物比表面积与表面分形分数同沉积物无机氮磷形态显著正相关,这表明沉积物比表面积和表面分形维数较低的沉积物,其表面吸附能力和空间填充能力较弱,而使得吸附的无机氮磷形态污染物减少.另外,受扰动的沉积物具有较低的比表面积和表面分形维数,污染程度较轻的沉积物具有较高的比表面积和表面分形维数.可见,受潮汐、河流扰动和污染程度的不同是九龙江口湿地表层沉积物微观形貌差异形成的主要原因.     

On the role of solid NaCl in polluted marine urban areas

Last decade the reactions of gases at solid interfaces were increasingly recognized as significant in polluted marine troposphere and perhaps in remote areas as well. In this study the reactions of gases with solid NaCl at temperatures 200 K and 300 K were examined by using a recently proposed thermodynamical model (Varotsos et al., 1988) which provides the interconnection of entropy and enthalpy for various processes with well known macroscopic properties of the bulk solid.     

太湖草、藻型湖区沉积物-水界面厚度及环境效应研究

在太湖草、藻型湖区采样,分别测定了1,3,5,10,15cm 5层沉积物和沉积物表面以上5,20,35cm处及水表面以下20cm处4层水的多项指标.结果表明:草型湖泊水柱中SS总、SS有机、Ch1-a、TN、TDN、TP和TDP等指标显著低于藻型湖区;草型湖区水柱中SS总、SS有机、TN、TDN和TP都呈现出越往下浓度越高的趋势,而藻型湖区各水层间差异不明显.两类湖区沉积物的TN、TP、TOC和粒径都在3～5cm处出现拐点;草型湖区沉积物溶解氧层厚度(＜1mm)小于藻型湖区(＜2.5mm).可见在不同的生境类型以及不同的指标体系下,沉积物-水界面的厚度也相应不同.     

Is using work–life interface benefits a career‐limiting move? An examination of women,men, lone parents,and parents with partners

Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work–life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work–life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career‐limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work–life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work–life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short‐term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藻源性黑水团环境效应Ⅲ:对水-沉积物界面处Fe-S-P循环的影响

利用静态模拟实验装置研究了藻源性黑水团发生过程中沉积物表层上覆水和沉积物间隙水中Fe-S-P的变化过程.结果表明:加入藻细胞后很快形成厌氧、还原环境,使得沉积物中Fe-S-P发生强烈的生物地球化学变化;实验第1d,表层上覆水中的Fe2+、SO42-、S2-含量高达4.993,242.0,387.57mg/L,为对照样柱中的1.8倍、2.2倍和18.8倍;在沉积物4cm处其浓度分别为8.5,40.0,65.3mg/L.随后,沉积物表层上覆水中Fe2+、S2-含量表现出一个先快速增加、随后降低的趋势,其浓度分别在实验的第3,2d达到最大值为11.1,634.6mg/L. 沉积物中PO43--P浓度受Fe-P解析等具有滞后性,从实验的第2d后开始直至实验结束时表现为其含量持续增加,到实验结束时其浓度为39.450mg/L,为对照样柱中的242倍.上覆水和间隙水中Fe-S-P含量的变化,反映了藻华聚集形成的厌氧环境中发生了剧烈的生物地球化学反应,从而使得沉积物中形成的Fe2+、S2- 和 PO43--P不断向上覆水体中扩散,对形成黑水团的水体生态系统的恢复造成阻碍和不良影响.